10 Amendments - First Changes to the Constitution

The first 10 Amendments to the U.S. Constitution are known as the Bill of Rights. Those 10 amendments  establish the most basic freedoms for Americans including the rights to worship how they want, speak how they want, and assembly and peaceably protest their government how they want. The amendments have also been subject to much interpretation since their adoption, particularly the right to carry a gun under the Second Amendment. A bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth, general or particular, and what no just government should refuse, or rest on inference, said  Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence and the third president of the United States. The first 10 amendments were ratified in 1791. History of the First 10 Amendments Before the American Revolution, the original colonies were united under Articles of Confederation, which did not address creation of a central government. In 1787, founders called a Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia to build a structure for a new government. The resulting Constitution did not address the rights of individuals, which became a source of contention during the documents ratification. The first 10 amendments were predated by the Magna Carta, signed in 1215 by  King John  to protect citizens against abuse of power by the King or Queen. Likewise, the authors, led by James Madison,  sought to limit the role of the central government. Virginias Declaration of Rights, drafted by George Mason immediately after independence in 1776, served as a model for other state bills of rights as well as the first 10 amendments to the Constitution. Once drafted, the Bill of Rights was quickly ratified by the states. It only took six months for nine states to say yes - two short of the total needed. In December 1791, Virginia was the 11th state to ratify the first 10 amendments, making them part of the Constitution. Two other amendments failed ratification. List of the First 10 Amendments Amendment 1: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. What it means: The First Amendment is, to many Americans, the most sacred of the first 10 amendments because it protects them from persecution over their religious beliefs and government sanctions against the expression of opinions, even those that are unpopular. The First Amendment also prevents the government from interfering with journalists responsibility to serve as watchdogs. Amendment 2: A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. What it means:  The Second Amendment is one of the most cherished, and divisive, clauses in the Constitution. Advocates for the right of American to carry guns believe the Second Amendment guarantees the right to bear arms. Those who argue the United States should do more to regulate guns point to the phrase well regulated. Gun-control opponents say the Second Amendment merely allows states to maintain militia organizations such as the National Guard. Amendment 3: No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. What it means: This is one of the simplest and clearest amendments. It forbids the government from forcing private-property owners to house members of the military. Amendment 4: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. What it means: The Fourth Amendment protects the privacy of Americans by prohibiting the search and seizure of property without cause. Its reach is indescribably broad: every one of the millions of arrests made annually is a Fourth Amendment event. So too is every search of every person or private area by a public official, whether a police officer, schoolteacher, probation officer, airport security agent, or corner crossing guard, writes the Heritage Foundation. Amendment 5: No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. What it means: The most common use of the Fifth Amendment is the right to avoid incriminating oneself by refusing to answer questions at a criminal trial. The amendment also guarantees Americans due process. Amendment 6: In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. What it means: While this amendment seems clear, the Constitution doesnt actually define what a speedy trial is. It does, however, guarantee those accused of crimes a decision on guilt or innocence made by their peers in a public setting. That is an important distinction. Criminal trials in the United States take place in full public view, not behind closed doors, so they are fair and impartial and subject to judgement and scrutiny by others. Amendment 7: In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. What it means: Even if certain crimes rise to the level of being prosecuted at the federal level, and not the state or local, defendants are still guaranteed a trial before a jury of their peers. Amendment 8: Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. What it means: This amendment protects those convicted of crimes from excessive jail time and capital punishment. Amendment 9: The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. What it means: This provision was meant as a guarantee that Americans hold rights outside of just those specified in the first 10 amendments. Because it was impossible to enumerate all the rights of the people, a bill of rights might actually be construed to justify the government’s power to limit any liberties of the people that were not enumerated, states the Constitution Center. Thus the clarification that many other rights exist outside of the Bill of Rights.   Amendment 10: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. What it means: States are guaranteed any power not delegated to the U.S. government. Another way of explaining it:  the federal  government holds only those powers delegated to it in the Constitution.

Career Counseling Essay - 1580 Words

The career services professional supports the educational mission of a college by assisting students to develop, evaluate, and pursue career aspirations with the goal of securing employment. Career services professionals accomplish these goals with a range of programs, counseling and services designed to help students make the connection between the academic environment and the workplace. Career Counseling, or Career Services depending on the institution, is frequently offered on a one-on-one basis, but at times this service is provided through group workshops, classes, or computerized guidance systems. Traditionally a standard function of the career services role is to help students develop job search skills however the scope of the†¦show more content†¦Interview with a Career Services Professional ITT Tech Career Services Departments are focused on connecting graduates with the career goals they are targeting upon completion of their academic degree programs. This conne ction is accomplished through student development, employer relationship building, and ultimately assisting the graduate in connecting with a professional career. Cynthia Matson is the Career Placement Professional at the ITT Technical Institute campus in Cary, NC. In interviewing Cynthia s explained that students choose ITT Tech for a variety of reasons but mainly for the ultimate goal of obtaining a career and maximizing their salary. This entry into the workforce as an ITT Tech graduate is called the student’s Return on Investment (ROI). It is the responsibility of Career Services to make this happen and to maximize each student’s ROI. This can be realized not just through teaching job search skills, but by developing the students into their career path. This process begins at the time students sign the enrollment agreement through the time they turn their graduation hat tassel. 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The first focus is the historyRead MoreDiversity Issues in Career Counseling Essay755 Words   |  4 PagesDiversity Issues in Career Counseling Abstract This paper will give a brief overview of how bias, assumptions and diversity can impact the career counseling relationship. The impact of values, bias, and the ability to move beyond barriers in the counseling relationship is essential to successful outcomes in working with clients. The rationale for the appropriateness of multicultural counseling competency and the impact of culture in the counseling process will be discussedRead MoreCareer Counseling Is Crucial For College Students1271 Words   |  6 PagesCareer counseling is crucial for college students as they prepare for the real world. I have not been certified as a career counselor, but many aspects of my job require these types of conversations with my students. As a requirement for the career counseling class, I interviewed two student workers at the University of Cincinnati about their career aspirations and provided advice to help their success. The first student I interviewed had recently graduated college in May and was applying for teaching

Logistics and Supply Chain Management

Questions: 1. Case Fill Rate2. Safety Stock and Average Inventory3. Inventory Carrying Cost and Fill Rate4. Impact on inventory and Service Answers: Introduction Logistics is often referred to as the activities, which occurs inside the organization whereas supply chain entails a series of activities that can be carried out through a network of companies working together in a coordinative manner for delivering the product into the market. All the individual perspectives including the right product, customer, quantity, condition and right place plays a very significant role in the effective operation of logistics (SupplyChainOpz, 2016). 1. Case Fill Rate Case fill rate is defined as the amount of cases of the products, which are to be shipped on the first shipment by the manufacturer with respect to the cases ordered by the company (Sople, 2012). The case fill rate can be calculated by finding out the ratio between the amount of cases shipped on the initial order and the total number of cases ordered (Grocery Manufacturers Association, 2016). For product A produced in Ontario, 48% has been, while for product B the order accounted to 6% . 4% and 7% of the total demand comprised of the product C and D respectively. The product E had been ordered twice, which accounted to 11% and 10%. Lastly, product F recorded 14% of the total demand. This has been clearly illustrated below in the form of table: Table 1: Companys Production Profile Without Any Uncertainties The table provided below depicts the total order made by Western pharmaceuticals. Table 2: Case Fill Rates for Different Products The initial amount being 100% and using the formula as stated above, it can said that the case fill rate for product A, is 0.48, whereas for products B, it is 0.6. Similarly, the product C and D records case fill rates of 0.4 and 0.7 respectively. The two different versions of product E shows values of 0.11 and 0.10, with Product F recording the case fill rate of 0.14. Hence, it can be inferred that the historical case fill rate of the company was observed as 95% and current fill rate as 100% showing a complete difference of 5%. 2. Safety Stock and Average Inventory Safety stock is referred to as inventory level, which will be carried out in order to prevent the company from stock-outs. The key reasons for stock-outs are constant changes in the demand of the customers, inaccurate forecasting and deviation between lead times while manufacturing (King, 2011). Safety stock can be calculated using the formulas stated below: Safety Stock = ZStandard deviation of lead time (Source: John Wiley Sons, Inc, 2003). The value of Z can be taken as 1.65 for 95% of service level. The company placing reorder for the products, the stocks at present will be used up before the arrival of the new stocks (Bozarth, 2011). Table 3: Calculation of Safety Stock The above table shows the calculation of safety stock by taking Z value and Standard deviation of lead time. Inventory is often referred as the products associated with the business. The most important function of the stock is that it acts a buffer to the company can be used when needed. The theoretical inventory is referred to as stocks written in the record books (Accounting Tools, 2016). 3. Inventory Carrying Cost and Fill Rate Inventory carrying cost refers to the expenses that a business incurs for holding inventory. It includes the sum of capital for purchasing of stocks and capital that will be needed for maintaining them. Carrying cost is calculated on a percentage basis (Harding, 2004). The improvement in the fill rate can lead to decrease in carrying cost of the inventory, the requirement of which will be less in order to ensure the safety stock. This will hence help in the attainment of lower inventory levels (Wu Blackhurst, 2009). Service level is referred as the probability of not being stock-out with regards to the next replenishment cycle. It also includes avoidance of losing sales and therefore is found that the rise in historical fill rate is associated with rise in current order from the retailers (Craig, DeHoratius Rahman, 2016). 4. Impact on inventory and Service Centralizing stocks of the company may lead to increase in the cost of transportation (Fleischmann, 2012).The company on consolidating all medical stocks in single facility would increase the cost of the company as storing of the inventory would need more floor space. The company will also incur more cost for transporting current stock from different centers to one single facility that would cost Western Pharmaceuticals $500,000. This is because the expenses would be incurred for preparing a new site, tearing down, along with the transferring and setting up of new equipments. The problems related to fixed charge location does not consider the impacts of located facilities (N). It only considers tradeoff of the facility costs in relation to the number of facilities. It also includes average travel cost, which is reduced on the basis of square root of N, which is similar to that of the increase in the cost of inventory. When the warehousing cost is multiplied by N, variation in total d istribution cost is also found to be the same as the square root of N (Langevin Riopel, 2005). Item level is a concept that can be expanded to the company level and includes management of inventories in terms of unstructured volume. This approach also entails opportunity cost of the stocks (Jaber, 2009 It involves two steps of calculation namely the estimation of item level statistics and the testing of reliability of the test (Salkind, 2010). Conclusion It can be stated that logistics is an essential part of the business, which involves activities within the company while scalar chain refers to the management of transferring goods to the market. Case fill rate of the company is important as it identifies the difference between the order produced and the order shipped. In case of Western Pharmaceutical, the difference is 5%. The safety stock refers to the amount of stock, which is kept in buffer for emergency use and the company also found to have a safety stock of 11.55%. The company in order to facilitate stock of three Atlantic medical, the company has to bear more expenses as compared to the products delivered from individual centers. References Accounting Tools. (2016). What is inventory. Retrieved September 30, 2016, from https://www.accountingtools.com/questions-and-answers/what-is-inventory.html Bozarth, C. (2011). Safety stock analysis: inventory management models: A tutorial. Retrieved September 30, 2016, from https://scm.ncsu.edu/scm-articles/article/safety-stock-analysis-inventory-management-models-a-tutorial Craig, N., DeHoratius, N., Rahman, A. (2016). The impact of supplier inventory service level on retailer demand. Working Paper, 1-34. Fleischmann, B. (2012). The impact of the number of warehouses on inventories in a distribution system. University of Augsburg, 1-8. Grocery Manufacturers Association. (2016). CPG companies report record supply chain performance despite global economic downturn. Retrieved September 29, 2016, from https://www.gmaonline.org/news-events/newsroom/cpg-companies-report-record-supply-chain-performance-despite-global-economi/ Harding, M. L. (2004). Calculating the carrying cost of inventory. 89th Annual International Supply Management Conference, April 2004, 1-2. Jaber, M. Y. (2009). Inventory management: non-classical views. USA: CRC Press. John Wiley Sons, Inc (2003). Equations for inventory management. Chapter 5 Models for Uncertain Demand, 1-8. King, P. L. (2011). Understanding safety stock and mastering its equation. Crack the Code, 33-36. Langevin, A. Riopel, D. (2005). Logistics systems: Design and optimization. USA: Springer Science Business Media. Salkind, N. J. (2010). Encyclopedia of research design. United States of America: SAGE Publications. Sople, V. V. (2012). Supply chain management: Texts and cases. New Delhi: Pearson Education India. SupplyChainOpz. (2016). What is logistics and supply chain management. Retrieved September 29, 2016, from https://www.supplychainopz.com/2012/04/what-is-logistics-and-supply-chain-management.html Wu, T. Blackhurst, J. V. (2009). Managing supply chain risk and vulnerability: tools and methods for supply chain decision makers. USA: Springer Science Business Media.

Take Two free essay sample

The scene opens in a coffee house. Smoke mixed with the bitter scent of mocha clouds the air, creating a misty, ethereal atmosphere. Slowly, it dissipates, and the room comes into focus. The camera pans across the room, not stopping to focus at the countless young professionals, pounding away at their laptops writing their brilliant screenplays that, most likely will never reach fruition. Suddenly we pause, and zoom in on a particular figure, a sinewy youth of 17 years. Eyes hidden behind a curtain of badly dyed jet black hair, his long pale fingers reach out to grasp his latte. As he sips, slowly, we catch a glimpse of his face. He could have been handsome, but with his deathly white pallor, sharp, prominent cheekbones, and harsh black eyeliner he appears sickly, a shadow of a once vibrant youth. We zoom in a bit more. An off-white slightly frayed piece of notebook paper rests under his elbow. We will write a custom essay sample on Take Two or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Lackadaisically he picks it up, brushes his bangs out of his ice blue eyes and pulls out a ballpoint pen. The camera turns 180 degrees, and it is as if we are gazing through the youth’s eyes at the paper. Slowly and deliberately the camera focuses on the frayed neglected document. It is a poem, happy and light expressing the innocence of youth. The camera slowly rotates until all that is visible in the lens are the boy’s startlingly blue eyes. They sparkle and they crinkle, slowly, deliberately. The camera moves downward, we see the boy’s timid smile and then we leave him, focusing on the whirls of synthetic wood in the table’s leg. The camera pans out into the smoky congested atmosphere, briefly focusing on a group of teenage girls clasping hands, their silver Tiffany bracelets glimmering in the light. Slowly, the camera pans in on a young woman. She is blonde, petite, unconsciously fingering the rhinestone studded lock around her neck. As it zooms in further, we get a better view of her. She is older then we first realized, perhaps nineteen or twenty, lively, still bursting with the robust colours of youth. The lens pulls out, rotates 45 degrees, and then pulls back in. We see her pull a stack of crisp, white papers out of her black canvas bag, and place them onto the table. We zoom in as she fans out the papers, and slowly, deliberately the words come into focus. College papers, countless applications, methodically filled out in her neat, uniform handwriting. She bends down and pulls one last paper out of her bag. The camera swings around again, and suddenly we are beside her, gazing over her small, sloping shoulders. She tilts this particular paper upwards, and as the text comes into view we see that it is a poem. It is at once solemn and hopeful, a story of struggle and redemption. It is unexpected, and one fleeting glimpse of text is all we see before the camera moves upward and focuses on her startling blue-grey eyes. They sparkle, vibrantly, alive with wisdom not normally associated with one so young. The camera then descends, and we are left with but a glance of the girl’s mouth, and watch it slowly, deliberately form into a half smile before the scene fades into black. The director pauses, and rewinds the short art piece. She wonders if she should display something so personal, or if it is too much of a risk. For, you see, the director is in fact the young women with the wise, worldly eyes. She exhales and wonders if the audience can tell, can tell that she suffered from clinical depression, can tell that the wisdom in her eyes comes from the trials and tribulations that most girls her age have not, and perhaps will never experience. Sighing, she anxiously fingers her necklace, and wonders. Oh how she wonders. She wonders if the schools will look past her patchworked high school history and see the true girl, no, the true woman that she is. The woman full of passion for learning, for beauty, and for life, the woman who does not find her thrills in dimly lit night clubs, but rather in the pages of an existential Dostoyevsky novel. Slowly she smiles, for she knows that in the end, her depression is but a small speck in her distant past, a speck that she is thankful for, as it has taught her to appreciate the beauty present in each day, to savor each elusive moment of joy. Her body relaxes, for she knows that no matter which school she chooses to attend she will be an asset, a vibrant addition. For she brings the kind of diversity that is not found in colour, or race, or creed. Rather she brings a new unique, view of our world, as one who recognizes t hat it is neither happy nor sad, but a symphony, where the soft tones of melancholia complement the lively bursts of joy. In one fluid, deliberate motion, she reaches for her camera. It is time to film her finale.